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                                                          Mukesh Paneru, IAAS                                  The process of germination or multiplication of infective propagules in host through the establishment of a parasitic relationship between pathogen and host is called infection. It is affected by nature of host, pathogen and external environment. If any of the phase of infection inhibited by any of these factors then infection process is incomplete as a result no disease occurs in host. There are air borne infection, seed borne infection, soil borne infection, insects infection and parasite borne infection. Infection process can be described in following steps. 1)Pre-entry During the penetration of pathogen in a host tissue the spore must germinate on the surface of plant. Some pathogens develop appressoria (specialized penetration structure) and infect the tissue. Some pathogens utilizes openings of plant surface. It this step there is contact between infective propagules

 The process of sprouting embryo (seed) or process by which organism grows, resulting in the emergence of radicle and plumule is called seed germination. For efficient germination, the embryo should be viable. Other factors like environmental factors or condition, how deep the seed is planted, water facility, temperature etc. are should be favourable for seed germination. All fully developed seed consists of viable embryo, food reserves, enzymes and 10-12% water within seed coat. Some seeds cannot produce radicle and plumule due to lack of embryos, these seeds are called empty seeds and never germinate. Dormant seeds are also do not germinate because they are subject to external environmental condition that stops initiation of cell growth. Due to external factors ( i.e. water, oxygen, light ,temperature ) and internal factors (i.e. impermiability, hard coat, hormones). Seed becomes dormant as a result it cannot initiate the metabolic processes and cell growth stops. During germination

प्रदेश संख्या : ७, जिल्ला संख्या : ७७ स्थानिय तह : ७५३ महानगरपालिका : ६, उपमहानगरपालिका : ११ नगरपालिका : २७६, गाउपालिका : ४६० वडा : ६७४३, नगरपालिका विहिन जिल्ला : ४ (मनाङ, मुस्ताङ, रसुवा र हुम्ला) गाउँपालिका विहिन जिल्ला : २ (भक्तपर र काठमांडौं) धेरै स्थानिय तह : सर्लाही (२०) कम स्थानिय तह : पूर्वि रुकुम (३) क्षेत्रफलका आधारमा सबैभन्दा ठूलो गाउँपालिका : नाम्खा, हुम्ला सबैभन्दा सानो गाउँपालिका : पार्वानीपुर, बारा सबैभन्दा ठूलो नगरपालिका : शितगंगा, अर्घाखाँची सबैभन्दा सानो नगरपालिका : भक्तपुर सबैभन्दा ठूलो उपमहानगरपालिका : घोराही, दाङ सबैभन्दा सानो उपमहानगरपालिका : नेपालगंज, वाँके सबैभन्दा ठूलो महानगरपालिका : पोखरा लेखनाथ, कास्की सबैभन्दा सानो महानगरपालिका : ललितपुर जनसंख्याका आधारमा सबैभन्दा ठूलो गाउँपालिका : राप्ती सोर्नी, वाँके सबैभन्दा सानो गाउँपालिका : नारफु, मनाङ सबैभन्दा ठूलो नगरपालिका : मेचीनगर, झापा सबैभन्दा सानो नगरपालिका : ठुलीभेरी, डोल्पा सबैभन्दा ठूलो उपमहानगरपालिका : जनकपुर, धनुषा सबैभन्दा सानो उपमहानगरपालिका : जितपुर सिमरा, बारा सबैभन्दा ठूलो महानगरपालिका : काठमाडौं सबैभन